Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) characteristics and uses Assignment

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) characteristics and uses - Assignment Example DNA sequence determination of the mDNA has been from many organisms including the extinct ones, and the comparison of the sequences outlines the mainstay of phylogenetics. The researchers have therefore been able to elucidate various evolutionary relationships within species. Additionally, the analysis of the relatedness of the populations among organisms has been ascertained and has become vital in the field of anthropology. The human mitochondrion DNA as an example, is commonly present per every cell except in sex cells as elucidated by Brown, George & Wilson, 1979, and is closely related to that of metazoans. The circular double-strand molecule of mDNA has about 15000 to 17000 base pairs and the nucleotide content differentiates the two strands. In animals, the transcribed strand produces molecules of polycistronic RNA. In replication process, the mDNA is replicated by the gamma complex of the enzyme DNA polymerase that is composed of 140 kDa of the catalytic section of the enzyme encoded by the gene POLG and two accessory subunits of 55 kDa encoded by POLG2 gene. During the process of embryogenesis, the mDNA replication is down because it is regulated from the oocyte that is fertilized through the embryo that is pre-implanted. At the stage of blastocyst, Anderson et al, 1981, further exemplifies that onset of the replication of the mDNA is specific to the trophectoderm cells. In contrast, the replication of mDNA is restricted by the inner cell mass cell until they receive signals making them differentiate to specific cell types. In the susceptibility concept, the mDNA does not necessarily accumulate many oxidative base damages than the nuclear DNA. As a result, some other types of the oxidative DNA damage are more efficiently repaired in the mitochondria than in the nucleus. The presence of proteins in the organelle further offers protection just as in the nuclear chromatin. The integrity of

Communityy service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Communityy service - Essay Example The backdrop of this medical camp is that there were lots of refugees as a result of the war with Armenia and we had to ensure that they were properly looked after. I have made an effort to list down all the activities that I performed in my interaction with the refugees and their relatives and the kind of medical assistance that we provided for them. One of the most important things to come out of the medical camp was the fact that I learnt a lot personally about the human conditions in refugee camps and the kind of medical assistance that needs to be provided for them. The team from Kyunhee University was very helpful and eager to work in the various departments of the medical facility. A point to be noted is that we conducted the medical camp after extensive interaction with the local hospital and then we ensured that all of them get the medical assistance that they needed. The next sections describe each of the activities in detail and the summary of my experience is also provide d in the last section. The conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan that killed 30,000 people and created one million refugees supposedly ended 13 years ago with a ceasefire in 1994 -- but the countries are still at war over Nagorno-Karabakh, a territory in Azerbaijan controlled by ethnic Armenian forces. Ordinary citizens are now caught in the middle. Azeri farmers living along the borders of the war zone dodge bullets as they attempt to sow vegetables and graze cattle; their irrigation water is blocked by Armenian forces and a lake that used to feed into six local villages has dried up. Traveling across the war zone to visit the nearest town six kilometers away requires a special pass, American and European efforts to resolve the issue diplomatically have failed, and the president of Azerbaijan is threatening a new war if the Armenians do not give up the occupied territory. The government of Azerbaijan also refuses to recognize the results of an upcoming

Being Me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Being Me - Essay Example However, I chose not to have my marriage as a hurdle in the way of my education. Therefore, I discussed my desire of continuing studies with my husband. He was very reluctant to grant me permission to study. He was of the view that I might compromise upon my home in order to do good at studies. It took me as much as two whole years to convince him. I love him for finally understanding me. â€Å"You need not just a spouse, but a spouse who believes what you believe† (Onyemalech, n.d.). I assured him that home to me was just as important and sacred as it was to him, and convinced him that I would never compromise upon my home in any case. Becoming a Radiology Technologist had always been my dream. I worked in different areas in radiology including diagnostic, mammogram, MRI, and Cat Scan. By the grace of God, today I am the first female Director of Radiology at the medical center where I work. Today, when my high school class mates meet me, they become astonished to see me as a successful Radiology Technologist. The last thing they knew about me was that I had got married, and had said â€Å"good-bye† to studies. They expected me to have spent all of my life growing children. What makes all this even more interesting is that I managed to fulfill my duties as a wife and a mother along with taking my academic career and professional life to higher levels.

Does Religion Cause War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Does Religion Cause War - Essay Example Religion is a sensitive issue because it is a matter of the heart to many people, (Burleigh 111-120). It arouses intense emotions. In many part of the world, religion is incorporated into people’s culture, (Gieling 190-201). If a religion causes war, it must be viewed in terms of what religion means to those who are passionate about it, (Burleigh 111). In other words, religion affects many things about people and becomes part and parcel of the personal life of those people. In that sense, people are bound to defend religion as part of their heritage, culture and essence of existence. Religion has proved to be stronger than life itself, (Gieling 190-201). People are willing to die for religious reasons. The fact is most religions come with a promise of greater and better life than life on earth. This is something that people are strongly attached to, (Burleigh 111-120). The attachment to deity makes life on earth seem to be of little or no significance. According to the religio us, this can seem to justify war to take care of these religious interests. Simply put, people can rise up to fight in the name of religion. Loyalty to a being higher than a human can cause people to go to the extremes, (Pearse 147). This has been proved over time. People feel that the reward they want from the unseen deity is more beneficial than respecting the rights of their fellow brothers and sisters. Sometimes the zeal tends to go overboard. For every act of adversity meted to fellow humans through a conflict of a religious nature, people feel there is a reward for it, (Gieling 190-201). This reward does not have to be physical. Religion and War are not strange bed fellows. In fact, they have gone together for a long time. Some of the reasons why people go to war in the name of religion include; spreading their faith. It has been argued that involving God in a war does not necessarily make it holy. One thing is clear, whether war is being done to spread faith or not, it is bou nd to have casualties. The results are always devastating. It has also been said that people fight with an aim of recovering consecrated places, (Pearse 147). These are places referred to as alters which could be profaned and polluted by a group that does not understand the proper use of such places. Such a belief causes the religious to feel duty bound to act on behalf of their god. In the process of recovery of such places, resistance arises, and that can become a beginning of a chain of wars. This includes war to avenge for acts of killings or past time cruelties which were done with a religious intention. Some Christians, Muslims or other groups feel that they may also want to recover countries that were once controlled by their faith. Many countries especially in Middle East and Asia have gone to the extent of incorporating their religion into their constitutions, (Gieling 190-201). This means that religion became part of the culture of those countries. A violation of faith in such a setting is viewed as blasphemy. In such cases, it becomes hard for people with other religious affiliations to exercise their religious freedom. In a large or small way, religion in such a context becomes a source of conflict. The paradox of religion is that it was meant to instill freedom and peace into a world full of conflict, (Cavanaugh 51-62). However, more often than not, religion tends to bring chaos. We have had long and protracted conflicts in the Middle East, (Burleigh 111-120). All because of religious reasons, we have had militias formed to defend certain religious convictions in remote societies. To a certain extent, there

Explication Essay - comparing two poems of similar theme

Explication - comparing two poems of similar theme - Essay Example While this seems as a leveling of love with the other material needs of life, what Millay seeks to do is to place love at a higher level than these needs, without denigrating the importance of these basic needs of human beings who are unable to resist â€Å"wants past resolution’s power† (Millay, 730). In the sestet, she makes this clear by stating the indispensable nature of love by stating the fact that unlike other needs of human beings, love is still not a commodity that the narrator of the poem can trade in the marketplace. The narrator ends the poem by stating that she may do so, but would rather not, thereby placing the tension between the two sparring needs of human beings. made in the name of love. In the first seven couplets of the poem, the poet, in images that are overtly sexual, describes the narrator’s love for a woman that is absent in the poem, but can be called a silent presence. Throughout these verses, the poet’s ideas about love are disturbing, since many of them include the incarceration of the lover. The urge to lock the lover in a â€Å"cell under lock and key† in particular, reveals the intentions of an obsessive lover (Brodsky, 734). Brodsky also reveals the intense sexual energy that the narrator of the poem has, pent up in himself, when he talks of the â€Å"lava relentlessly erupting† from his â€Å"hidden source† (ibid). The last lines of the poem, however, reveal the real intent of the poet in writing this poem. It talks of the narrator’s compulsion to accept the position that he does, in the life of his lover, so as to circumvent the restrictions that the society imposes on love and its m anifestations. The primeval nature of love and the sexual urges that are associated with non-platonic love are what the poet seeks to showcase through this poem. The restrictions that the church and institutions of marriage impose

Nelson Mandela Spiritual Biography Essay Example for Free

Nelson Mandela Spiritual Biography Essay Nelson Mandela challenged the status quo in many ways weather it was done politically, socially, or personally, in order to achieve such high goals Mandela paid many great personal expenses. Before the acts of Nelson Mandela, the country of South Africa was broken; it was plunged in a deep racism with the election in 1948. The regime of 1948 committed the crime of Apartheid which is defined as the action of committing inhumane acts of a character similar to other crimes against humanity which is committed in the context of an institutionalized regime which systematically oppresses and dominates one racial group over any other racial group or groups and commits it with the intention of maintaining that regime. Mandela would oppose the ideas of this regime and eventually play a major role in the elimination of the apartheid they worked in evil to create. In his autobiography Nelson Mandela describes his trials and tribulations on his journey to the freedom of South Africa hence the name of the book â€Å" Long Walk To Freedom†. From the time when he was young, Mandela was raised to be a leader. Nelson Mandela belongs to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty, which reigns in the Transkei region of South Africas Eastern Cape Province. When Mandela was nine, his father died of tuberculosis and the regent, Jongintaba, became his guardian. He attended many schools including The Wesleyan College in Healdtown, this is where most of the Thembu royalty went to college. Jongintaba conditioned Mandela to be a leader and these characteristics’ show during his presidency. However this leadership training was cut short by the fact that so many people of royalty face, arranged marrage. Shortly after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the regents son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged marriages for both of them. He fled to Johannesburg in order to avoid being forcefully married and what he found was a country whose national flag was in the dictionary next to the word apartheid. Determined to change the status quo he embarked on a political campaign and joined the ANC and began practicing terrorism. He was arrested and sentenced to life in prison. He was released twenty seven years later by making the promise that he would stop participating in terrorism. He went back to the ANC and used it as his political party to run for office. He won due to the fact that he had won the right to vote for many of the black South Africans who supported him. He unified the country, most notably through rugby, but also helped to raise many of the blacks, whale not neglecting the whites, out of poverty. He is still an influential character to this day, and leads many humanitarian organizations. He is currently in the hospital due to medical troubles but he is expected to make a recovery. Starting in his early life Nelson Mandela always challenged the status quo. During this time he escaped an arranged marriage and thus beginning a life of meaningful defiance, defiance that would improve the lives of all those around him, defiance that lift a race from the depths of poverty, defiance that would end apartheid. He began his political campaign through peaceful protesting taking from the ideas of Gandhi with peaceful non- violent protest. This is shown by â€Å" I cannot pinpoint the a moment when I became politicized, when I knew that I would spend my life in the liberation struggle. To be African in South Africa means that one is politicized from the moment of ones birth , weather one acknowledges it or not.† (Long Walk to Freedom 208). He joined the ANC and on December 5 1956. Shortly after Mandela and 150 others were protesting non- violently and were arrested and charged with treason, however all of the defendants received acquittals. Mandela realized that he would need more aggressive tactics in order to end apartheid. He defied the 1948 regime which supported and strengthened apartheid in South Africa, exemplified by a biography of Nelson Mandela â€Å" The NP seized the political initiative in 1948 and retained it into the early 1950s, pushing through its agenda of apartheid legislation without seeming to pay any heed, let alone making any compromises, to the political forces arranged against it.† (Nelson Mandela 46). This quote exemplifies why Mandela abandoned his non- violent means, because the regime had total support from the white population and would not change its views in any way. In 1961 Mandela became the leader of the armed wing of the ANC and continued his defiance by violent means. Mandela described the move to armed struggle as a last resort; Due to the fact that the oppression and violence from the government was increasing despite his best efforts, this convinced Mandela that even with many more years of non-violent protest against apartheid, he could not eliminate apartheid non-violently. And in June 1961, Mandela sent a letter to South African newspapers warning the government, that if they did not meet their demands, the Umkhonto we Sizwe would embark on a campaign of sabotage. The letter demanded the government accept a call for a national constitutional convention. The demands were not met by the government and beginning on 16 December 1961, the Umkhonto we Sizwe with Mandela as its leader, launched a bombing campaign against government targets with the first action of the campaign being the bombing of an electricity sub –station. In total, over the next eighteen months, the Umkhonto we Sizwe would initiate dozens more acts of sabotage and bombings. This is shown by his quote â€Å"I do not deny that I planned sabotage. I did not plan it in a spirit of recklessness nor because I have any love of violence. I planned it as a result of a calm and sober assessment of the political situation that had arisen after many years of tyranny, exploitation and oppression of my people by the whites.† (Nelson Mandela). This exemplified his true defiance of apartheid, that he was willing to corrupt his values to achieve a goal. Nelson Mandela did not follow the status quo by any means during these years of his life. His trial also exemplifies how he did not follow the status quo. He tried to use his trial to fight apartheid but this argument did not abide so well with the white judge who was appointed by the 1948 administration. In the end he was found guilty of many crimes as stated in â€Å" Crimes Charged: (1) The commission of acts of sabotage together with the communist party; (2) conspiracy to aid or procure wrongful acts concerning the recruitment of persons for training in the preparation and use of explosives for committing acts of violence, conspiracy to commit acts of guerilla warfare, acts of assistance to military units of foreign countries invading South Africa, and acts of participation in violent revolution; (3) the execution of the common purpose of committing the acts set out above; (4) soliciting money in South Africa and abroad and disbursing those funds in the interests of their campaign† ( Great World Trials 347). Although this quote may be long and difficult to read, it is indicative evidence for what they are truly imprisoning Mandela for, to silence his defiance. After his trial and conviction and he was taken to Robben Island where he would truly begin his spiritual journey. Even the prison system in South Africa was segregated and Mandela was a D- Class Prisoner and was only allowed one visit and letter per month. However even though Mandela was in Jail his wife, Winnie Mandela continued defying apartheid shown by â€Å" All the while, Mandela’s wife, Winnie Mandela, who was both his loyal supported and respected representative on the outside, spent the decades protesting and periodically being tried, imprisoned, and banned for her political activity.†( Great World Trials 352). Mandela began a journey of knowledge gaining a Bachelor of laws from the University of London via their external program shown by â€Å" I was still in the midst of perusing my L.L.B. at the Universi ty of London. I had started studying for the L.L.B. at the University of London during the Rivonia Trial† ( Long Walk to Freedom 504). This clearly exemplifies Mandela’s defiance, that even though they locked him up he still perused his goal of ending apartheid which he found to be best served by furthering his education and gaining a law degree. Mandela also read poetry growing very fond of a poem by William Earnest Henley called Invictus. These beautiful words inspired him to not be revengeful towards the whites who put him in prison but rather to seek unity. Mandela was eventually released from jail on February 2, 1990 after he made a deal with President F. W. de Klerk who had gotten rid of the ban on ANC and other organizations like it. Upon his release from prison he rejoined the leadership of the ANC now lead by Chris Hani. Mandela gained control of the ANC in April of 1993 following the assassination of Chris Hani. By then the ANC and other anti- apartheid organizations had won the rights of the black population to vote. Mandela used the ANC as his political party to commit the ultimate act of defiance, run for the presidency of South Africa. The ANC won 62 percent of the votes in the election, and Mandela was inaugurated as South Africa’s first black president on May 10 1994. Nelson Mandela viewed this as the beginning of his journey and not the time to relax shown by â€Å" I have walked that long road to freedom. I have tried not to falter; I have made missteps along the way. But I have discovered the secret that after climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb. I have taken a moment here to rest, to steal a view of the glorious vista that surrounds me, to look back on the distance I have come. But I can rest only for a moment, for with freedom comes responsibilities, and I dare not linger, for my long walk has not yet ended.† ( Long Walk to Freedom 640). Mandela had committed the ultimate act of defiance of running for president and came out victorious, the white residents of South Africa was in for some payback for imprisoning him for 27 years, at least that was the general idea carried by the white population when Mandela was elected, but Mandela had other plans. When Nelson Mandela first walked into his office as president he found many of the people who worked in his office, such as secretaries, packing up their things in anticipation of Mandela firing them. Mandela called them into his office and many thought that they were about to get fired. Instead Mandela asked them to put aside their political views and asked all of the old employees to stay and work with him. In doing this he is once again defying the status quo, which was that he would seek revenge on the whites for his imprisonment, but instead of revenge he sought unity. He unified the country in many ways most notably through rugby. He now asked others not to follow the status quo. He asked to blacks to back the previously hated Springboks, the South African Rugby Team. A movie named Invictus tells the story of this as the underdog South African team lead by the captain of the rugby team Francois Pienaar won against the favored New Zealand rugby team. This is shown by â€Å" When he took the field in a rugby uniform after South Africa won the 1995 World Cup, the virtually all white crowd chanted, â€Å" Nelson! Nelson!†.† (Nelson Mandela 142. During his reign as president Nelson Mandela virtually ended apartheid in South Africa ushering in a new era for prosperity for the country. In all Nelson Mandela was a very influential human rights activist and his work can be categorized to be as great as the work of Gandhi or Martin Luther King Jr. due to the basic human rights that he rightfully gave to so many South Africans. He also is an influential leader to this day and has his name on many charitable organizations. He defied the status quo of a country and won. In the End these words given the title of Invictus by William Ernest Henley truly reflect Nelson Mandela’s desire for unity and his capacity for forgiveness. Out of the night that covers me, Black as the Pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeonings of chance My head is bloody, but unbowed. Beyond this place of wrath and tears Looms but the Horror of the shade, And yet the menace of the years†¨Finds, and shall find, me unafraid. It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with punishments the scroll. I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul. Works Cited Mandela, Nelson, Wyk Chris Van, and Paddy Bouma. Long Walk to Freedom. New York: Flash Point/Roaring Brook, 2009. Print. Maltz, Leora. Nelson Mandela. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2004. Print. Knappman, Edward W. Great World Trials. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Print. Invictus 2009. Perf. Morgan Freeman and Matt Damon. Warner Bros., 2009. BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012.

What Is Man Doing To The Earth Religion Essay

What Is Man Doing To The Earth Religion Essay THREE HUNDRED years ago, man lived much closer to nature. For the most part, he was not threatened by man-made changes to the global environment in the way he is today. The industrial revolution had not begun. There were no power stations, factories, automobiles, or other sources of widespread pollution. The thought of mans ruining the whole earth may have been hard for him to imagine. Yet, even back then, a warning about global ruination was in wide circulation. That warning was found in the last book of the Bible, and it foretold a time when God would intervene in mans affairs to bring to ruin those ruining the earth.-Revelation 11:17,  18. How comforting for all who are concerned about modern mans mismanagement of the earth to know that the Creator of our magnificent planet will save it from ruin! But, you may wonder, have we really reached such a critical situation that Gods intervention is needed? Well, consider some of the facts and judge for yourself. Forests beautify the earth and provide food and shelter for several million different species. As trees grow and manufacture food, they perform other vital services, such as absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing precious oxygen. Thereby, National Geographic says, they offer one antidote to the global warming that threatens life on earth as we know it. But man is ruining his forest heritage. North American and European forests are dying from pollution. And the demands of industrial nations are decimating tropical forests. An African newspaper explained that in 1989, 66 million cubic metres [of tropical wood were] expected to be exported-48  percent to Japan, 40  percent to Europe. Also, in some lands, farmers burn forests to create farmland. Soon the fragile forest soil becomes exhausted, and the farmers have to burn more forest. It is estimated that in this century alone, nearly half the worlds forests have vanished. Oceans Earths oceans also play a vital role in cleaning the atmosphere, and mans activities are ruining them. Vast quantities of carbon dioxide are absorbed by the oceans. In turn, phytoplankton absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. Dr.  George Small explains the importance of this life cycle: 70  percent of the oxygen added to the atmosphere each year comes from plankton in the sea. Yet, some scientists warn that phytoplankton could be seriously depleted because of ozone reduction in the atmosphere, which is believed to be caused by man. Also, man dumps garbage, oil, and even toxic wastes into the ocean. While some countries agree to limit the wastes they allow to be dumped at sea, others refuse. One Western nation even reserves the right to dump nuclear wastes at sea. Famed ocean explorer Jacques Cousteau warns: We must save the oceans if we want to save mankind. Drinking Water Man is ruining even his drinking water! In poor lands, millions of people die each year because of contaminated water. In richer nations, water sources are contaminated by, among other things, fertilizers and pesticides that wash into rivers and seep into groundwater. In 1986 the world production of pesticides was 2.3 million tons, and the rate of increase is reported to be 12  percent per year. Another source of pollution is chemical dumps. The metal drums containing the chemicals, explains Scientific American, are nothing less than time bombs that will go off when they rust through. This type of pollution, the journal adds, is happening worldwide in thousands of chemical waste dumps. The result? All over the earth, once pure rivers are being turned into industrial sewers. It is estimated that 20 million Europeans drink water from the Rhine, yet this river is so polluted that sludge dredged from its bed is too dangerous to use for landfill! Farming Practices Alarmingly, man is even ruining his farmland. In the United States alone, 20  percent of the land set aside for irrigation has been damaged, according to Scientific American. Why? Because overirrigation adds too much salt to the soil. Many countries have ruined much valuable land in this way. As much land is now being taken out of production due to salinization as is being brought into production through new irrigation projects, states The Earth Report. Another widespread problem is overgrazing,  which may be contributing to the spread of deserts. Too Many Motor Vehicles So much for our planets land and water. But what about its air? This too is being ruined, and the culprits are many. To mention just one, consider the automobile. Following are warnings from three influential scientific journals: Motor vehicles generate more air pollution than any other single human activity. (New Scientist) There are currently 500 million registered automobiles on the planet .  .  . Filling their tanks consumes about one third of the worlds production of oil. .  .  . The number of automobiles is increasing more quickly than the population. (Scientific American) Petrol [gasoline] in all phases of production, use and disposal is a major source of environmental degradation and disease.-The Ecologist. Yes, our planet is being abused, ruined. Its seas, drinking water, farmlands, and even its atmosphere are being polluted to an enormous extent. Surely, this alone would suggest that the time is near for God to intervene and bring to ruin those ruining the earth. (Revelation 11:18) However, there are other, even worse, ways in which the earth is being ruined. Let us see just what they are. A World Government The only way to combat the  greenhouse effect and other emerging  environmental  disasters is a world government, says Dr.  Kenneth Hare, renowned geographer and  climate-change expert. Humanity is mounting a deadly assault on nature, Hare warned. The planet is threatened not just by a nuclear holocaust but by ecological misuse, reports the Calgary Herald, a Canadian newspaper. Hare claims that three billion tons of carbon are spewed into the atmosphere annually by automobile exhausts and industrial smokestacks. Computer studies show that even with moderate economic growth, carbon-dioxide levels would double by the year 2075. Weve created a global problem, and without regulation of the environment on a global scale, well be in trouble, said Hare. What Dr.  Hare recommends is indeed logical. Still, can man ever hope to establish a global government that would be able to do such things as regulate economic growth, develop nonpolluting energy sources, and convince humankind to embark on a program of worldwide environmental care? Hardly! Gods Word clearly says: To earthling man his way does not belong. It does not belong to man who is walking even to direct his step. (Jeremiah 10:23) However, this does belong in the hands of God. As the Prince of Peace, his Son, Jesus Christ, will administer a world government that will rule in justice and righteousness. Under his heavenly rulership, mankind will not imperil the environment.-Isaiah 9:6,  7; 11:9; Daniel 2:44. Oh, for Some Fresh Air! BY AWAKE! CORRESPONDENT IN BRITAIN WHEN you breathe, do you inhale fresh air? Present-day air pollution is a bigger enemy than smoking, claims a doctor quoted in The Times of London. In England and in Wales, contaminated air kills an estimated 10,000 people every year. Worldwide, especially in large cities, the situation is serious. Many blame the automobile industry for polluting the atmosphere. To reduce dangerous exhaust, new vehicles in many countries now come fitted with catalytic converters, which reduce pollution. The hydrocarbons in exhaust gases have dropped to 12 percent of the 1970 levels, with similar reductions of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. Babies in strollers are particularly vulnerable because they ride at the level that cars spew out fumes. But air pollution threatens car occupants as well. Reportedly, the contamination is three times higher inside cars than outside. Further hazards come from inhaling benzene fumes from fuel as you fill your cars fuel tank. Now the most prevalent form of air pollution worldwide is Suspended Particulate Matter, says a 1993-94 United Nations environmental data report. Apparently, tiny bits of soot, or particulate matter, have the ability to penetrate deep into the lungs and there deposit damaging chemicals. The depletion of the ozone layer high above the globe attracts much press comment. At ground level, however, sunlight acts on the nitrogen oxides and other volatile elements of air pollution to produce high levels of ozone. These levels have doubled in Britain during this century. These gases damage paint and other building materials, cause disease in trees, plants, and crops, and appear to trigger respiratory problems in some people. Although most of the ozone pollution occurs in towns, surprisingly it is the rural areas that suffer the worst effects. In the urban areas, nitrogen oxides mop up the excess ozone, but where these oxides are sparse, the ozone has free rein to wreak damage. Additionally, air pollution is up to 70 times higher inside homes than outdoors, reports The Times. Here the fumes from air fresheners, mothballs, and even dry-cleaned clothes pollute the air. Cigarette smoke likewise adds to health risks indoors. What, then, can you do to protect your family? The Times of London offered the following suggestions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduce your use of the car. If possible, share transportation with others. Drive smoothly. If stuck in a traffic jam or otherwise stationary for more than a couple of minutes, switch off the engine. If possible, on hot days park your car in the shade to reduce pollution produced by fuel evaporation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Choose to exercise in the early mornings when ozone levels outdoors are generally low. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Outlaw smoking in the home. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Keep bedroom windows slightly open at night to lower humidity and move allergens outside. No doubt you agree: Oh, for some fresh air! Warning! This Water May Be Hazardous to Your Health CAN you imagine turning on the water tap at your kitchen sink, holding a lighted match to the faucet, and witnessing a horrifying eruption of flames? Can you imagine a freshwater river that bursts into flames at the drop of a lighted cigarette? Would you be appalled if your bathwater was too thick to drink but too thin to plow and piling up in one end? Does it boggle the mind to think of river water that can develop a picture from a negative before your eyes? What would be your reaction if your tap water came out with a head on it, looking like bock beer? Do you have to open the window at your sink so as not to stink up the house when water is drawn from the faucet? Does your marriage mate leave the morning pot of coffee untouched because of its unusual strength, only to discover later that no coffee had been added yet? Or is your water crystal clear, pure in taste, but your family repeatedly suffers from headaches, dizziness, dysentery, or skin rashes after drinking it? Or would the suffering of tremors, blindness, and impairment of the central nervous system best describe the symptoms? Did you know that not long ago one third of humanity was in a perpetual state of illness because of impure water and that ten million people were dying each year, not for the lack of it, but because of it? Can all of this be the figment of a wild imagination-the stuff of science-fiction movies? Unfortunately, the scenarios are true. It has become obvious that man today has the awesome genius to poison completely every living thing on the face of the earth and in the waters below. Most of this has come about through his efforts to make life easier-mitigating pain and disease, bringing the world closer to his living room through communication, pursuing his quest into outer space, and making  destructive  implements of war. Most of this is caused by mans creation of new but deadly chemical compounds. Six years ago, over 60,000 such chemical concoctions were on the market-35,000 of which were classified as either deadly or extremely hazardous to our health, with thousands more being formulated each year. From these chemical cocktails have come equally dangerous and highly toxic wastes that are disposed of by dumping them into the earth, rivers, and streams, with little thought of the consequences it would have on people or environment. A Boon to Farmers, a Bomb to Earths Waters Pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers have been a boon to the worlds farmers, but they have been a bomb to earths waters. For years farmers in Californias San Joaquin Valley sprayed their grapes, fruit, and tomatoes with the pesticide DBCP, only to discover in recent years that it can cause cancer and sterility in humans. Although the spraying has stopped, the poison hasnt stopped percolating through the layers of the earth and into the underground water system. Thirty-five percent of the wells in the valley have DBCP, said a spokesman for the health department. In one county in California, 250,000 people run the risk of DBCP contamination, reported Newsweek magazine. Other pesticides affect the nervous system. Still others are suspected of causing various other illnesses. Some herbicides have been discovered to have serious effects on the brain, rendering the victim immobile. In many agricultural areas, fertilizers have raised nitrate concentrations above health standards set out in some countries. These chemicals, too, have infiltrated aquifers. Detergents, solvents, dry-cleaning fluids, septic-tank cleaners, to mention a few, have been highly developed through chemistrys progression. The result has been marvelous benefits to mankind. However, as these products percolate through the earth, the result has been a contamination of earths pure waters for generations to come. We are poisoning ourselves and our posterity, said one environmentalist. Many of the millions of underground gasoline storage tanks at the service stations dotting the highways and city streets leak, as reports show, and their highly explosive contents seep into the ground and percolate through the well-water systems. They can cause houses and barns to burst into flames when the fumes reach a lighted match. Flames from a water faucet are all too common as a result of this underground witches brew of death-dealing chemicals oozing into the water system. It was thought that the earth itself would purify these chemicals as they trickled through the layers of the earth, rendering them harmless. In the past decade, however, it has been discovered that many of these dangerous chemicals have not been filtered out but go right through to the aquifers, contaminating them for generations to come. Ground-water contamination is the result of sins committed a long time ago, said James Groff of the American Water Works Association. Nobody had the foresight to predict it. The sins, however, continue to be committed to this date. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that in the United States alone 1.5 trillion gallons of hazardous waste leak into the underground water system each year. Much of it is deliberately dumped by unscrupulous and greedy men without regard to the terrible, terrible damage to mans water and health. Just 1 gallon of solvent will contaminate 20 million gallons of ground water to exceed safe levels set by most states, said one scientist. When one thinks in terms of a trillion gallons of waste, then the expression, water, water everywhere, and not a drop to drink, looms up as being a potentially frightful reality. A Time Bomb, Slowly Ticking Away Ground water and its contaminants, said the chairman of the House Subcommittee on Environment, Energy and Natural Resources, represent a potential time bomb, slowly ticking away. Theres a growing belief that this problem will be the next great crisis of the 1980s. The New York Times reported: There is wide agreement, however, that the contamination of ground water is by far the most serious and difficult problem affecting the quality of drinking water and now constitutes a subterranean time bomb. Theres no doubt we have a time bomb on our hands, warned a University of Arizona scientist. The question is how big the bang will be. A person does not have to put his ear to the ground to know how big the bang will be. Already the world shudders in fear of the coming explosion. For example, it has been estimated that by the year 2000 a fourth of the worlds water supply could be unsafe for drinking. A third of the water in Chinas major rivers is polluted beyond safe limits for human consumption, said Worldwatch Institute. According to Thane Gustafson, a specialist on Soviet Union affairs, that country will face a greater demand for water by the year 2000 than its waters can supply because of water pollution today. South America faces a similar crisis-a water supply too contaminated for its people to drink. Either we manage to limit the waste of water or by the year 2000 we shall be dying of thirst, proclaimed the United Nations World Conference on water. Without being guilty of exaggeration it is easy to foresee that in the very near future the world will be literally dying of thirst, either as a result of pollution or present wasteful usage, the conference said. People in all parts of the earth experience the devastating effects of the time bomb that appears to have exploded on the world scene already. When one considers, for example, that 70 percent of Indias drinking water is polluted and is the cause of much of the countrys illness, it becomes no exaggeration to say that its waters and all life dependent on them cry out for a cure. And what can be said of the Third World countries and the dying people looking for clean water? Truly, the world faces a dilemma of unprecedented proportions. Water-borne diseases kill 30,000 people every day, said Swiss water-treatment expert Dr.  Maarten Schalekamp. Only a third of mankind possesses what he called irreproachable drinking-water facilities, while another third of earths inhabitants is drinking contaminated water. The remaining third has very little water of any kind. And so it goes. Poisoned waters percolating through the earth, rushing through its rivers, meandering down its streams, cascading over its falls, while a great portion of mankind inevitably drinks to its death. Truly, a time bomb of mans own making! Jehovah God, the Creator of earth, man, and all life-giving waters, has set ticking his own time bomb by which he will bring to ruin those ruining the earth. (Revelation 11:18) It is set to go off at his appointed time, and those who have ruined the earth, the air, and the water will not be able to defuse it or to escape its destructive forces. The year 2000 continues to be pointed to by man as being a critical time. Whether the guilty live to see that feared year remains to be seen. Only Jehovah knows. Following the destruction of those whom God now holds accountable, the earth will be restored to a paradise, and rivers of waters of life, clean and pure, will be abundant for every living thing. Our Beautiful Earth-How Much of It Will We Leave Our Children? ACCORDING to published reports, 1.7  billion children have been born into the world since the year 1970. If they constituted a nation, it would be the worlds largest. Is it not fair to ask, What kind of world are we leaving them? Over 25 years ago a prominent doctor of the U.S. Public Health Service observed: We all live under the haunting fear that something may corrupt the environment to the point where man joins the dinosaurs as an obsolete form of life. In the intervening years, that fear has intensified. Last year a national forum, addressed by nearly a hundred biologists, warned that coming was a wave of mass extinctions such as wiped out the dinosaurs, only this time it would not be by a natural development but by human activities. This year Worldwatch Institute released its report State of the World 1987. It said: A sustainable society satisfies its needs without diminishing the prospects of the next generation. By many measures, contemporary society fails to meet this criterion. Questions of ecological sustainability are arising on every continent. The scale of human activities has begun to threaten the habitability of the earth itself. The Institutes report said that the demands of over 5  billion people-and their numbers are increasing by 83  million a year-are overwhelming the regenerative capacities of earths biological systems. Chemical pollution is thinning the atmospheric ozone and may lead to causing more skin cancers, impairing human immune systems, and retarding crop growth. If acid rain continues, not only will more lakes and forests die but soils will acidify further and may take decades, if not centuries, to recover. Intensified farming practices have pushed the rate of topsoil loss beyond that of new soil formation. Deforestation reduces the amount of carbon dioxide used from the atmosphere, and the burning of fossil fuels releases more carbon dioxide than the remaining plants and the oceans can take in. The result is an increase in the warming greenhouse effect that may ultimately melt glaciers and flood coastal cities. The loss of tropical forests means less recycling of water for rainfall and may lead to the creation of deserts. Toxic chemicals, raw sewage, crude oil, nuclear accidents, radon, microwaves, asbestos-on and on could go the listing of mans sins against the environment. State of the World 1987 warns: Never have so many systems vital to the earths habitability been out of equilibrium simultaneously. New environmental problems also span time periods and geographic areas that stretch beyond the authority of existing political and social institutions. No single nation can stabilize the earths climate, protect the ozone layer, preserve the planets mantle of forests and soils, or reverse the acidification of lakes and streams. Only a sustained international commitment will suffice. This commitment is dragging its feet, and time is running out. Hundreds of billions are spent in the arms race; a mere pittance is spent on preserving the environment that sustains us and the neglect of which can kill us. Since 1983 the United States alone has committed $9  billion to the Strategic Defense Initiative research and wants $33  billion more for it from 1986 to 1991-but turns stingy on the environment. The other industrialized nations do likewise. The State of the World 1987 puts the crisis in a nutshell: The time has come to make peace with each other so that we can make peace with the earth. A sustainable future, this report states, calls upon us simultaneously to arrest the carbon dioxide buildup, protect the ozone layer, restore forests and soils, stop population growth, boost energy efficiency, and develop renewable energy sources. No generation has ever faced such a complex set of issues requiring immediate attention. Preceding generations have always been concerned about the future, but we are the first to be faced with decisions that will determine whether the earth our children inherit will be habitable. The following article shows the crisis developing over toxic chemicals. The Ugly Side of Industrial Chemicals IT WAS just after midnight on a cool December evening in 1984 that the worst industrial accident in history happened. A world away from the Republic of India, few people were familiar with the name Bhopal, an industrial city with a population of more than 800,000, located almost at the center of the country. Its sleeping residents were unaware of the death-dealing events developing a stones throw away. At the U.S. Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, a storage tank holding 45  tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC), a deadly chemical used in making pesticides, began building up dangerously high pressure. Suddenly, from a malfunctioning valve, a cloud of poisonous gas began spreading death and agony over the quiet city. It snuffed out the lives of more than 2,500 men, women, and children. It maimed more than a hundred thousand others. The death of thousands of animals-water buffalo, cattle, and dogs-caused the countryside to be littered with dead bodies that clogged the roads and city streets. Bhopal became a giant makeshift crematory, burning the dead around the clock. Seventy funeral pyres, with bodies stacked 25 high, consumed the dead in their flames. Others were buried in hurriedly dug mass graves-scores of bodies at a time. Later another catastrophe hit Europe and was called Bhopal on the Rhine. A chemical spill from an industrial plant above Basel, Switzerland, dumped 40  tons of poisonous waste into the Rhine. It killed hundreds of thousands of fish and eels as it drifted downstream along the German-French border, into the Rhineland and then through the Netherlands to the North Sea. One newspaper editorialized: The Swiss used to be considered clean, their industry safe, and that included the chemical industry. That is all past now. The residents of Bhopal and communities along the Rhine River had become the victims of a technological age that boasts the compounding of more than 66,000 chemical concoctions. Many are formulated to make life easier for man, yet, ironically, a vast number are highly toxic and can cause fatal and devastating side effects, both to humans and to the entire biological system. One expert classified these chemicals as biocides. Many are the chemicals with long names that few people can pronounce and that for convenience bear letters such as PCB, DDT, PCDD, PCDF, TCDD. This alphabet soup of toxic chemicals is a deadly hazard both to humans and to earths resources on which man must rely to live. Thousands upon thousands of releases of toxic substances into the environment occur each year, said a spokesman for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Such releases pose a threat to the quality of air, surface water, and underground drinking supplies, and poison the soil for decades to come. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that in the United States alone, 1.5  trillion gallons of hazardous chemical wastes find their way into the underground water systems each year. Knowing that just one gallon of solvent will contaminate 20  million gallons of groundwater to exceed safe levels, it is staggering to compute what catastrophic damage 1.5  trillion gallons of poisonous chemicals are doing. Because of hazardous chemicals and wastes and the careless dumping of them, rivers and streams are being polluted. Fish are dying. As the rivers and streams enter the oceans, the death-dealing chemicals pour with them, and in some places where ocean life was once plentiful, today, according to famed oceanographer Jacques Cousteau, fish can no longer be found. Bird and animal life is also threatened by the contamination. Even wildlife sanctuaries prove to be no haven. Ten national wildlife refuges are contaminated by toxic chemicals and another 74 may be in danger. .  .  . Agricultural runoff containing selenium and other chemicals has killed large numbers of waterfowl in the refuge, reported The New York Times of February  4, 1986. World experts do not paint a promising picture for the future. The rapid diminishment of earths resources does not end with the loss of soil and the pollution of air and water. What about earths great tropical rain forests that for millenniums have raised their leafy arms hundreds of feet into the air? Are these too in danger of going the way of other resources that are diminishing before our eyes? Whether we realize it or not, our lives are affected by these luxuriant handiworks of Jehovah, as the next article will show. What Future for Us and Our Children? A FAMILY cannot spend more than it makes and remain solvent. A nation cannot pay out more than it takes in and still prosper; nor can we continue our deficit spending of the environment. We cannot squander more soil than is formed, create more carbon dioxide than plants can use, cut down more trees than we replace, pollute more air and water than earth can recycle. Environmental deficits, like national deficits, will demand an accounting. They will be paid, either in money and international cooperation or in lives-ours and our childrens. Modern technology has made the ruining of the earth possible. It could be used to prevent it. Why isnt it? Love of money. It would cost billions. This world cannot see-or in its selfishness will not see-beyond its own shortsighted materialistic desires. Since it refuses to pay in money, it will pay in loss of topsoil, loss of forests, loss of aquifers, hothouse atmosphere, poisoned water, mounting sickness, human lives. And to hold onto its money, this world is selling off its childrens future. Will it wake up in time? Historys answer is not reassuring, but Gods answer is. Jehovah God himself says that he will step in and bring to ruin those ruining the earth. (Revelation 11:18) He will remove from earth those ruining its environment and destroying its beauty, for he created it to be life-sustaining and beautiful. The heavens are my throne, and the earth is my footstool, he says, and: I shall glorify the very place of my feet.-Isaiah 66:1; 60:13. He created it to be inhabited by people who love righteousness-and it will be, by millions who once lived in the past, by millions who are living now, and by millions of children yet to be born. This he has recorded in his Word, the Bible, and you can read it for yourself at Isaiah 45:18 and John 5:28,  29. Then, cared for by those who love it, the earth will regenerate itself into the beauty with which our Creator originally endowed it. Then righteously disposed persons and their children will have a future, a glorious one: Just a little while longer, and the wicked one will be no more; and you will certainly give attention to his place, and he will not be. But the meek ones themselves will possess the earth, and they will indeed find their exquisite delight in the abundance of peace. The righteous themselves will possess the earth, and they will reside forever upon it.-Psalm 37:10,  11,  29. And never die? And never die! God himself will be with them. And he will wipe out every tear from their eyes, and death will be no more, neither will mourning nor outcry nor pain be anymore. The former things have passed away. (Revelation 21:3,  4) Too good to be true? No, this present wicked world is too bad to remain.-Daniel 2:44. But you and your children can remain. Jehovah God makes it possible through the sacrifice of his Son. To learn of Jehovah and of his Son will mean everlasting life for you and your children-life in a new world wherein righteousness is to dwell. (John 3:16; 17:3; 2  Peter 3:13) This can be the happy future for you and your children. Whether it is or not is up to you. Pollution-Who Causes It? THIS island is government property under experiment. The ground is contaminated with anthrax and dangerous. Landing is prohibited. This sign posted on the Scottish mainland opposite Gruinard Island warns off would-be visitors. For the past 47 years, since an experimental explosion of biological weapons during the second world war, this beautiful island has been contaminated by the disease agents of anthrax. Gruinard Island is an extreme example of pollution. But milder forms of ground pollution are a problem that is widespread and growing. Ground Pollution on the Increase One cause of this ground pollution i